1. Participants will describe contextual factors related to implementation at multiple levels of the socioecological framework.
2. Participants will describe multiple frameworks incorporating multilevel contextual factors.
3. Participants will use one or more frameworks to identify relevant multilevel contextual factors in a case example of implementing an evidence-based intervention.

Through a handful of case studies, we explore some of the benefits and drawbacks of leveraging existing and secondary data in pragmatic research. Existing/secondary data present an important resource which can be used at many points in the lifecycle of pragmatic research including for planning and trial design, participant recruitment, endpoint ascertainment, calibration of treatment effects, among others. However, we argue that existing/secondary data should be interrogated for not only what it includes but also what it systematically does not capture. When possible, the limitations of existing/secondary data should be ameliorated in the design and analysis plan. Finally, we argue that many perceived weaknesses of existing and secondary data such as patient heterogeneity, measurement error of covariates, etc. should be reframed as strengths for pragmatic research.

1. Participants will learn about the potential outcomes framework and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs).
   
2. Participants will understand the challenges to making causal claims using observational data.
   
3. Trial emulation will be described as a framework for obtaining causal inference from observational studies. Participants will learn about target trial components such as trial eligibility, treatment assignment procedures, defining study follow-up, and determining outcomes. Finally, causal contrasts of interest will be described along with the need for careful analytic plans.